Publications
Now showing items 101-193 of 193
A Partnership with Africa
(2021)
Africa is embarking upon a period in which its political, economic and social outlook will transform. The European Investment Bank is a key part of the EU toolbox that for decades has helped make the partnership between ...
Regional Cohesion in Europe 2020-2021
(2021)
EU Cohesion Policy aims to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion across the European Union and to correct imbalances between countries and regions. The green and digital transition are key priorities of ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/08 - Do capacity constraints trigger high growth for enterprises?
(2021)
High-Growth Enterprises have a large economic impact, but it is notoriously hard to predict when firms will experience episodes of high growth. This paper proposes that firms reaching critically high capacity utilisation ...
Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories
(2021)
The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better
(2021)
In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on ...
The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe
(2021)
Europe’s COVID-19 recovery strategy calls for large-scale public investment to “building back better.” Municipalities account for 45% of all public investment – which makes them a key partner in recovery efforts. As poles ...
European firms and climate change 2020/2021
(2021)
The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/01
(2022)
During the COVID-19 crisis, the European corporate ecosystem avoided major disruptions, and corporate bankruptcy rates even declined. This outcome mostly resulted from the strength of support from monetary, financial ...
EIB Investment Report 2021/2022
(2022)
The massive resources the European Union is unleashing to rebuild after COVID-19 present a unique opportunity to deal with climate change and improve the ability of firms and individuals to compete in a more digital world. ...
European Investment Bank Activity Report 2021
(2022)
Our flagship report illustrates how the European Investment Bank Group confronted two great threats in 2021, the climate crisis and the coronavirus pandemic, even as the challenges posed by development grew more urgent. ...
EIB Impact Report 2020
(2021)
Investments supported by the European Investment Bank help achieve EU and international policy goals. The report specifically measures the effectiveness of our investments in three key areas: Additionality: the EIB’s ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/12
(2021)
Using macro and firm-level data, this paper investigates the complementarities between investment in different types of tangible assets such as machinery and buildings, and intangible assets such as software, training of ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/03
(2022)
Small and medium-sized firms play a key role in the European economy. This paper uses statistical methods to estimate the effects of EIB financial support on European companies between 2008 and 2015. It shows that the ...
Investment Report 2021/2022 — Key Findings
(2022)
The massive resources the European Union is unleashing to rebuild after COVID-19 present a unique opportunity to deal with climate change and improve the ability of firms and individuals to compete in a more digital world. ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/02 - How to foster climate innovation in the European Union
(2022)
Relying on the EIB Online Survey on Climate Innovations, we investigate the different climate innovations European firms are currently using, their motivations and challenges, and their views on current regulatory frameworks. ...
EIB Investment Survey 2021 - EU overview
(2021)
This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2021 edition delves into the massive shock produced by the COVID-19 ...
Finance in Africa
(2021)
Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the ...
EIB Group activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021
(2022)
As part of the EIB Group’s bigger, bolder and more focused approach to cohesion, this report, the first in a new series, presents the EIB Group’s activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021. The results are presented in terms ...
How do firms cope with losses from extreme weather events? - EIB Working Paper 2022/10
(2022)
When firms suffer losses from extreme weather events, such as storms, foods, droughts or landslides, it has implications for their investment plans and the finance their need. This paper investigates the investment and ...
Banking in Jordan
(2022)
Using newly collected data from the EIB Bank Lending Survey, carried out by the EIB with support from the Central Bank of Jordan, this report focuses on cyclical and structural aspects of corporate and SME lending, and ...
Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond
(2022)
COVID-19 set new challenges for the economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Strong policy and fiscal support allowed businesses to stay afloat, with firms making long strides in innovation and in becoming global ...
Accelerating the 5G transition in Europe
(2021)
This study discusses why the "fifth generation" of telecommunication systems, or 5G, is integral to digitalisation efforts, and how its roll-out will be one of the most critical building blocks of the European digital ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/12 - Determinants of the exchange rate, its volatility and currency crash risk in Africa’s low and lower middle-income countries
(2022)
"The last three decades have witnessed substantial changes in the foreign exchange markets in Africa, with moves towards liberalisation and flexible exchange rate regimes. This has increased the influence of financial ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/11 - A structural analysis of foreign exchange markets in sub-Saharan Africa
(2022)
"Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have liberalised their foreign exchange markets and capital accounts, and have moved to more flexible exchange rates, in recent decades. In this context, the interaction between ...
Finance in Africa
(2022)
Banks in Africa are weathering the COVID-19 pandemic well and showing a lot of creativity to overcome the crisis’s problems. But the war in Ukraine is causing new concerns. With interest rates rising in many countries and ...
European Investment Bank Group Activity Report 2022
(2023)
Our flagship report shows how the European Investment Bank stepped up to the challenges of 2022. From our ongoing work rebuilding Ukraine's damaged towns and cities and our support for refugees, to our unwavering commitment ...
EIB Investment Survey 2022 - EU overview
(2022)
This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2022 edition delves into the aftermath of the economic shock ...
EIB Investment Report 2022/2023
(2023)
Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy ...
Investment Report 2022/2023 - Key Findings
(2023)
Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/14 - The scarring effects of major economic downturns
(2022)
"Despite the efforts of policy makers to tackle recessions as they happen, there is ample evidence that major economic downturns produce lasting negative effects on real GDP, pointing to the existence of “economic scarring”. ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/13 - COVID-19 and the resilience of European firms
(2022)
Past research suggests that economic crisis lead to a reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive firms, with many firms taking action to boost their own productivity. This paper uses data from the ...
Support for female entrepreneurs
(2022)
Women’s economic empowerment has improved rapidly in the last century. Today, many women are not just fully engaged in the workplace; some lead international organisations, corporations and countries. But gender gaps, still ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/15 - Estimating financial integration in Europe
(2022)
"Financial integration, broadly defined as the intensity of cross-border linkages between financial markets, has the potential to channel capital to where it is most productive, bringing many benefits. However, some financial ...
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings
(2024)
The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU ...
2023-0288 Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey
(2023)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024
(2024)
The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU ...
20230030 Financing and borrowing activities 2022
(2024)
The European Investment Bank is the world’s biggest multilateral investor. This report lays out the EU bank’s priorities and details its investments in the projects that support those policy goals. The European Investment ...
EIB at a glance
(2024)
As the largest and greenest multilateral lender in the world, the EIB helps economies flourish, creates jobs and promotes equality. Since 1958, the EIB has provided loans and expert advice for thousands of projects in over ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/01 - Dynamics of productive investment and gaps between the United States and EU countries
(2024)
After the global financial crisis, investment fell more substantially than it had in the wake of previous recessions. With investment seemingly recovering faster in the United States than in Europe, the fear of a lasting ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/05
(2023)
The COVID-19 shock had a strong negative effect on aggregate economic performance, with the average firm taking a hit on sales revenues and financial performance. However, the effects varied from firm to firm. Were ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/06
(2023)
Many creditworthy non-financial firms are discouraged from applying for loans, resulting in a significant gap between their potential to receive credit and the reality. To quantify the credit gap, this study combines a ...
Hidden champions, missed opportunities
(2023)
The report zooms in on the mid-cap category of firms, an essential part of the economy, but not well researched, partly due to a lack of a clear definition of these type of enterprises in statistical databases. To fill a ...
Investing in nature-based solutions
(2023)
Nature-based solutions are cost-effective interventions that provide environmental, social, and economic benefits and build resilience. This report highlights the challenges involved in financing nature-based projects and ...
Finance in Africa
(2023)
The Finance in Africa report emphasises the challenges faced by the African banking sector — including the impact of recent shocks, such as the COVID-19 crisis and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine — and the importance of gender ...
2023-0107 Cross-border infrastructure projects
(2023)
Cross-border infrastructure projects are fixed-asset investments that physically link two or more countries via infrastructure, including digital infrastructure, enabling the flow of people, goods, commodities or data. ...
The EIB circular economy guide
(2023)
The EIB Circular Economy Guide highlights the need and rationale for a circular economy transition, with the aim of inspiring circular change. The guide presents how the EIB supports the circular economy through financing, ...
The EIB Climate Survey
(2023)
How are climate changes impacting daily life and economic wellbeing? How do people perceive renewable energy solutions?The inaugural African edition of the European Investment Bank Climate Survey provides some insights. ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/01 - Advanced digital technologies and investment in employee training
(2023)
The use of advanced digital technologies such as 3D printing, advanced robotics, drones, big data analytics and artificial intelligence is spreading. These technologies have uncertain implications for labour demand. Affected ...
2023-0285 EIB Investment Survey - European Union Overview
(2023)
This unique insight into the corporate investment in the European Union examines companies 39; finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2023 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such ...
A Blueprint for Sustainable Living
(2024)
A blueprint presents drawings, dimensions and notes. This report draws vivid pictures of the beneficiaries of European Investment Bank projects in 2023. It includes data on the dimensions of our massive overall investment ...
Managing refuse-derived and solid recovered fuels
(2024)
Waste treatment practices generate left-over materials, including refused-derived fuels, which need to be managed effectively to meet the European Union’s ambitious circular economy targets, especially regarding landfilling.This ...
Investment barriers in the European Union 2023
(2024)
Discover key insights from the Investment barriers report 2023, an authoritative assessment by the European Investment Bank Group on investment hurdles in the European Union. The report underscores the pivotal role of ...
Climate risks for Latin America and the Caribbean
(2023)
Latin America and the Caribbean are increasingly experiencing the effects of climate change. Over the past two decades, the countries in the region have experienced as many as 1 350 natural disasters attributable to the ...
A quantum leap in finance
(2023)
Quantum technologies offer a vision of a healthier, more sustainable and resilient Europe. They will one day enable disruptive innovations that could transform our societies, economies and almost all industries by solving ...
Priorities for prosperity
(2024)
Citizens and businesses expect Europe to support investments for the future. Investments that improve lives. Investments that reinforce security and offer new opportunities. In 2024, the EIB Group unveiled a Strategic ...
EIB Investment Survey 2024 - European Union overview
(2024)
EU firms weathered recent shocks, such as the energy crisis, relatively well. But tougher economic conditions are starting to weigh on firms’ willingness to invest. The share of firms expecting to increase rather than ...
EIB Working Paper 2025/01 - Growth and competitiveness in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe: The role of innovation
(2024)
Despite increased innovation capacity, countries in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) face significant challenges threatening their growth and competitiveness, including severe skills shortages, uneven ...
Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: Second half of 2024
(2024)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
Navigating supply chain disruptions
(2024)
Recent crises – such as the pandemic, raw material shortages, maritime transport disruptions and the Ukraine war – have disrupted EU firms’ supply chains and exposed their dependency on foreign imports. This study, conducted ...
Climate financing in Latin America and the Caribbean
(2024)
In this publication, we provide an overview of climate risks in Latin America and Caribbean countries, using the European Investment Bank’s country climate risk scores. This is followed by an assessment of the region’s ...
The EIB Climate Survey
(2024)
The seventh annual EIB Climate Survey provides valuable insight into how Europeans view the challenges and opportunities of adapting to climate change in 2024. 94% – a strong consensus across the European Union – agree ...
Finance in Africa
(2024)
The Finance in Africa report is a product of the EIB Economics Department, providing an analysis of recent developments in the African financial sector and specific structural topics of relevance. It combines in-house ...
CESEE Bank Lending Survey – Spring 2023
(2023)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
EIB Group Sustainability report 2022
(2023)
The EIB Group is responding to the myriad crises facing the European Union -- climate change, the Ukraine war and energy insecurity -- by making sustainable investments that will help the green transition and spur innovation. ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2022
(2023)
Between 2022 and the 2018 baseline, the EIB Group has reduced its annual gross emissions by over 35%. As COVID-19 restrictions ended in 2022, there was a 125% increase in total gross emissions that same year compared with 2021.
Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2024
(2023)
The European Union is closing the digital gap with the United States. More than half of European firms invested in digitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic, and they are rapidly catching up with their US peers in ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2021
(2022)
Since the 2018 baseline, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity per employee have fallen by 82% as a result of the social COVID-19 restrictions and of EIB Group's internal decarbonization plan.
Financial Report 2023
(2024)
In 2023, the Bank’s lending signatures amounted to €75.1 billion. This report includes the 2023 financial statements and audit reports for the EIB and the EIB Group.
EIB Global Impact Report 2023/2024
(2024)
Covering EIB Global’s activities in 2023, this annual report shows how these activities are aligned with EU priorities and initiatives in different regions. It details the results and impact achieved by EIB Global’s ...
EIB Group Sustainability report 2023
(2024)
Climate change is the big challenge of our generation. The European Investment Bank is helping the world meet this challenge by bringing down emissions in carbon-intensive industries and in many other sectors. In 2023, the ...
Financing and borrowing activities 2023
(2024)
This report lays out the European Investment Bank’s public policy goals and details its investments in the projects that support them. It provides a breakdown of all projects signed in 2023 within the European Union and ...
EIB Group activity in EU cohesion regions 2023
(2024)
This report analyses the EIB Group’s activity in cohesion regions in 2023, with particular emphasis on targeted social investments in key systemic enablers in those regions, such as access to essential services (e.g. ...
Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: First half of 2024
(2024)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/02 - The effect of uncertainty on investment
(2024)
Using firm-level survey data combined with firm-level financial information, this working paper examines the impact of uncertainty on EU firms' investment and employment growth. The analysis shows that increased uncertainty ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2023
(2024)
This report offers a detailed analysis of the European Investment Bank Group’s greenhouse gas emissions from its head office operations in Luxembourg for 2023. It includes a comparative performance review against 2022 and ...
EIB Investment Report 2024/2025
(2025)
The European Union must solidify its position as a global leader in technology, innovation and clean energy. By addressing key challenges and leveraging existing strengths, Europe can enhance its competitiveness, foster ...
EIB Working Paper 2025/02 - How do macroprudential policies affect corporate investment? Insights from EIBIS data
(2025)
Macroprudential policies aim to preserve financial stability by curbing excessive risk-taking in the financial system. As a knock-on effect, they can also impact investment activity by firms. This study uses firm-level ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/03 - Investment decisions in a high-inflation environment
(2024)
In the 2021-2022 period, European firms have faced historically high inflation, with annual increases in consumer prices peaking at 11.5 % in October 2022. While the linkage between high inflation and investments is expected ...
EIB Working Paper 2025/03 - Access to finance and corporate emissions: A distributional perspective
(2024)
The ability of firms to reduce carbon emissions is linked to how well they can invest in new lower-emissions technologies, and thus to the types of finance they can access. This study investigates the relationship between ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/05 - A positive trade-off: Emissions reduction and costs under Phase IV of the Emissions Trading System
(2024)
The manufacturing sector is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. This paper investigates the impact of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) on this manufacturing sector. It employs a panel ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/07 - How regional spillovers shape EU firms’ climate investments
(2024)
Data from the European Investment Bank Investment Survey (EIBIS) for 2023 provides insights on why EU firms adopt greener practices and the influence of spillover effects, in which climate investment decisions in one region ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/08 - Do financing conditions pose a threat to the performance and transformation of SMEs?
(2024)
The availability of internal and external financing sources significantly influences firms’ investments and growth. Even profitable firms with ample financing in normal times can be adversely affected by demand and supply ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/04 - The impact of the digital and green transitions on investment inefficiency
(2024)
Firms do not always invest at the optimal and most efficient level. This study examines whether investing in green and digital technologies tends to make the level of firms' investments more efficient or inefficient. Using ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/06 - Intangible differences: Investment during the pandemic and the role of financial constraints
(2024)
The COVID-19 crisis triggered a reduction in investment by European firms, affecting both tangible assets like buildings and machinery, and investments in intangible assets like research and development (R&D) and training. ...
The state of local infrastructure investment in Europe
(2025)
Local governments are on the front lines of some of today’s biggest challenges – climate change, affordable housing and equitable and effective education. But are they ready to invest at the scale needed? Our latest EIB ...
EIB Global Impact Report 2024/2025
(2025)
Discover how the EIB is shaping a more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive world though its support to countries outside the European Union. The EIB Group Global Impact Report 2024/2025 offers a compelling look into ...
Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: First half of 2025
(2025)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
Shock waves from turbulent times: How EU businesses recalibrate supply chains
(2025)
Uncertainty and trade disruptions caused by a series of geopolitical upheavals over the past decade continue to shake global trade and production models. The European Union has learned from recent shocks, and a variety of ...
Sustainability Report 2024
(2025)
Sustainable economic growth depends on inclusive and resilient communities and requires investment in social infrastructure, affordable and sustainable housing, gender equality, education and healthcare. The EIB Group ...
EIB Working Paper 2025/04 - How does digitalisation support firms’ strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation
(2025)
This publication examines how digitalisation supports firms in developing effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Drawing on extensive survey data, it highlights that digitally advanced firms are ...
Investment gaps to achieve sustainable targets in the bioeconomy
(2025)
The bioeconomy contributes €967 billion annually to the European Union, representing 8.6% of GDP and supporting 16.9% of EU jobs. It constitutes a cornerstone of the Union’s economic resilience and its innovation, ...
EIB Investment Survey 2025 - European Union overview
(2025)
Businesses are finding it difficult to plan. They are trying to understand the ultimate effect of US tariffs and potentially profound geopolitical changes. Those pressures could have depressed investment, but the EIB ...
Unlocking energy efficiency investments by small firms and mid-caps
(2025)
Energy consumption in the European Union has steadily declined over the last twenty years, and since 2020 economic growth has been effectively decoupled from energy use. However, reaching the European climate and energy ...