Publications
Now showing items 121-160 of 193
Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond
(2022)
COVID-19 set new challenges for the economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Strong policy and fiscal support allowed businesses to stay afloat, with firms making long strides in innovation and in becoming global ...
Accelerating the 5G transition in Europe
(2021)
This study discusses why the "fifth generation" of telecommunication systems, or 5G, is integral to digitalisation efforts, and how its roll-out will be one of the most critical building blocks of the European digital ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/12 - Determinants of the exchange rate, its volatility and currency crash risk in Africa’s low and lower middle-income countries
(2022)
"The last three decades have witnessed substantial changes in the foreign exchange markets in Africa, with moves towards liberalisation and flexible exchange rate regimes. This has increased the influence of financial ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/11 - A structural analysis of foreign exchange markets in sub-Saharan Africa
(2022)
"Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have liberalised their foreign exchange markets and capital accounts, and have moved to more flexible exchange rates, in recent decades. In this context, the interaction between ...
Finance in Africa
(2022)
Banks in Africa are weathering the COVID-19 pandemic well and showing a lot of creativity to overcome the crisis’s problems. But the war in Ukraine is causing new concerns. With interest rates rising in many countries and ...
European Investment Bank Group Activity Report 2022
(2023)
Our flagship report shows how the European Investment Bank stepped up to the challenges of 2022. From our ongoing work rebuilding Ukraine's damaged towns and cities and our support for refugees, to our unwavering commitment ...
EIB Investment Survey 2022 - EU overview
(2022)
This unique insight into the corporate investment landscape in the European Union examines companies' finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2022 edition delves into the aftermath of the economic shock ...
EIB Investment Report 2022/2023
(2023)
Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy ...
Investment Report 2022/2023 - Key Findings
(2023)
Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/14 - The scarring effects of major economic downturns
(2022)
"Despite the efforts of policy makers to tackle recessions as they happen, there is ample evidence that major economic downturns produce lasting negative effects on real GDP, pointing to the existence of “economic scarring”. ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/13 - COVID-19 and the resilience of European firms
(2022)
Past research suggests that economic crisis lead to a reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive firms, with many firms taking action to boost their own productivity. This paper uses data from the ...
Support for female entrepreneurs
(2022)
Women’s economic empowerment has improved rapidly in the last century. Today, many women are not just fully engaged in the workplace; some lead international organisations, corporations and countries. But gender gaps, still ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/15 - Estimating financial integration in Europe
(2022)
"Financial integration, broadly defined as the intensity of cross-border linkages between financial markets, has the potential to channel capital to where it is most productive, bringing many benefits. However, some financial ...
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024 - Key Findings
(2024)
The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU ...
2023-0288 Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey
(2023)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024
(2024)
The European economy is under pressure. Growth is slowing and competitive challenges are rising, all while EU firms navigate the demands of the green transition. Coordinated support from national governments and EU ...
20230030 Financing and borrowing activities 2022
(2024)
The European Investment Bank is the world’s biggest multilateral investor. This report lays out the EU bank’s priorities and details its investments in the projects that support those policy goals. The European Investment ...
EIB at a glance
(2024)
As the largest and greenest multilateral lender in the world, the EIB helps economies flourish, creates jobs and promotes equality. Since 1958, the EIB has provided loans and expert advice for thousands of projects in over ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/01 - Dynamics of productive investment and gaps between the United States and EU countries
(2024)
After the global financial crisis, investment fell more substantially than it had in the wake of previous recessions. With investment seemingly recovering faster in the United States than in Europe, the fear of a lasting ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/05
(2023)
The COVID-19 shock had a strong negative effect on aggregate economic performance, with the average firm taking a hit on sales revenues and financial performance. However, the effects varied from firm to firm. Were ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/06
(2023)
Many creditworthy non-financial firms are discouraged from applying for loans, resulting in a significant gap between their potential to receive credit and the reality. To quantify the credit gap, this study combines a ...
Hidden champions, missed opportunities
(2023)
The report zooms in on the mid-cap category of firms, an essential part of the economy, but not well researched, partly due to a lack of a clear definition of these type of enterprises in statistical databases. To fill a ...
Investing in nature-based solutions
(2023)
Nature-based solutions are cost-effective interventions that provide environmental, social, and economic benefits and build resilience. This report highlights the challenges involved in financing nature-based projects and ...
Finance in Africa
(2023)
The Finance in Africa report emphasises the challenges faced by the African banking sector — including the impact of recent shocks, such as the COVID-19 crisis and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine — and the importance of gender ...
2023-0107 Cross-border infrastructure projects
(2023)
Cross-border infrastructure projects are fixed-asset investments that physically link two or more countries via infrastructure, including digital infrastructure, enabling the flow of people, goods, commodities or data. ...
The EIB circular economy guide
(2023)
The EIB Circular Economy Guide highlights the need and rationale for a circular economy transition, with the aim of inspiring circular change. The guide presents how the EIB supports the circular economy through financing, ...
The EIB Climate Survey
(2023)
How are climate changes impacting daily life and economic wellbeing? How do people perceive renewable energy solutions?The inaugural African edition of the European Investment Bank Climate Survey provides some insights. ...
EIB Working Paper 2023/01 - Advanced digital technologies and investment in employee training
(2023)
The use of advanced digital technologies such as 3D printing, advanced robotics, drones, big data analytics and artificial intelligence is spreading. These technologies have uncertain implications for labour demand. Affected ...
2023-0285 EIB Investment Survey - European Union Overview
(2023)
This unique insight into the corporate investment in the European Union examines companies 39; finance needs and the constraints they face. The 2023 edition also provides insight into the pressing issues facing firms, such ...
A Blueprint for Sustainable Living
(2024)
A blueprint presents drawings, dimensions and notes. This report draws vivid pictures of the beneficiaries of European Investment Bank projects in 2023. It includes data on the dimensions of our massive overall investment ...
Managing refuse-derived and solid recovered fuels
(2024)
Waste treatment practices generate left-over materials, including refused-derived fuels, which need to be managed effectively to meet the European Union’s ambitious circular economy targets, especially regarding landfilling.This ...
Investment barriers in the European Union 2023
(2024)
Discover key insights from the Investment barriers report 2023, an authoritative assessment by the European Investment Bank Group on investment hurdles in the European Union. The report underscores the pivotal role of ...
Climate risks for Latin America and the Caribbean
(2023)
Latin America and the Caribbean are increasingly experiencing the effects of climate change. Over the past two decades, the countries in the region have experienced as many as 1 350 natural disasters attributable to the ...
A quantum leap in finance
(2023)
Quantum technologies offer a vision of a healthier, more sustainable and resilient Europe. They will one day enable disruptive innovations that could transform our societies, economies and almost all industries by solving ...
Priorities for prosperity
(2024)
Citizens and businesses expect Europe to support investments for the future. Investments that improve lives. Investments that reinforce security and offer new opportunities. In 2024, the EIB Group unveiled a Strategic ...
EIB Investment Survey 2024 - European Union overview
(2024)
EU firms weathered recent shocks, such as the energy crisis, relatively well. But tougher economic conditions are starting to weigh on firms’ willingness to invest. The share of firms expecting to increase rather than ...
EIB Working Paper 2025/01 - Growth and competitiveness in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe: The role of innovation
(2024)
Despite increased innovation capacity, countries in Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) face significant challenges threatening their growth and competitiveness, including severe skills shortages, uneven ...
Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (CESEE) Bank Lending Survey: Second half of 2024
(2024)
The CESEE Bank Lending Survey is a unique instrument developed in the context of the Vienna Initiative to monitor cross-border banking activities and deleveraging in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. It serves to ...
Navigating supply chain disruptions
(2024)
Recent crises – such as the pandemic, raw material shortages, maritime transport disruptions and the Ukraine war – have disrupted EU firms’ supply chains and exposed their dependency on foreign imports. This study, conducted ...
Climate financing in Latin America and the Caribbean
(2024)
In this publication, we provide an overview of climate risks in Latin America and Caribbean countries, using the European Investment Bank’s country climate risk scores. This is followed by an assessment of the region’s ...